Juhiste esitamine haldusaktides

Abstract

Kohalikud omavalitsused korraldavad haldusaktide kaudu enda, muude ametkondade, ettevõtete, eraisikute jt tegevust. Et haldusakt täidaks oma eesmärki võimalikult hästi, tuleb valida sobiv tekstistrateegia, mis hõlmab nii struktuuri- kui ka keelevalikuid. Keelekasutaja ei ole valikute tegemisel kunagi päris vaba, vaid ta lähtub suuremal või vähemal määral varasemate tekstide eeskujust ehk žanri- ja laiemalt kultuuritavadest. Artikli valimi moodustavad 75 korraldust, otsust ja käskkirja, mille uurimine žanrianalüüsi meetodil võimaldab välja selgitada nende tekstiliikide ühis- ja erijooned, sealhulgas tekstistrateegilised võtted, mida kasutatakse kommunikatiivse eesmärgi saavutamiseks. Tekstistrateegia hõlmab tekstitüübi valikut: kuna nii korralduse, otsuse kui ka käsu eesmärk on tegu (keegi peab midagi tegema), esindavad need tekstid makrotasandil instruktiivset tekstitüüpi, mikrotasand pakub aga mitme tekstitüübi põimingut. Juhiste esitamise viis on kõigi vaatlusaluste haldusaktide puhul standardne ning tekstiliikide vahel märkimisväärseid struktuurilisi ja keelelisi erinevusi ei esine.

Presenting instructions in administrative acts

Local governments employ administrative acts for managing their own activities as well as those of other offices, businesses, private persons, etc. In order for an administrative act to best fulfil its purpose, a suitable textual strategy, covering both structural and linguistic choices, must be selected. No language user is entirely free in making such choices, but rather proceeds to a greater or lesser degree from examples set by previous texts, i.e. from conventions of genre and of the wider culture.

The purpose of this paper is to determine what kinds of textual strategies and devices (including text types) are employed in orders, decisions, and directives for the purpose of achieving a genre-specific goal. Since the law specifies the issuer of the act, their sphere of competence, and the conditions for the issuance of the act, it can be presumed that some of the genre-specific characteristics are related to extra-linguistic factors. This paper focuses on the general and sentence structure of administrative acts, in order to determine whether such acts can be regarded as a distinct genre based on linguistic properties as well.

The administrative acts under consideration have a structure as standardised by the corresponding domain. In 64% of the administrative acts background information (reasoning, and references to legislation) is syntactically connected to the conclusion. As such, the content is conveyed in the form of declarative speech acts: the issuer of the act describes their own activity (e.g. X issues an order, X decides + da-infinitive), rather than giving out instructions. However, in 26% of administrative acts there is no syntactic connection between background information and the conclusion, for which reason the conclusion, constructed from da-infinitives, takes the form of instructions. Consequently, the micro-level of administrative acts presents a mixture of descriptive and instructive types of text, whereas on the macro-level the administrative acts here examined represent only the instructive type of text.

Although directives are more varied compared with orders and decisions (e.g. directives include less references to the reasons for the issuance of the act and to legislation, and such references are usually syntactically unconnected to the conclusion), the classification of orders, decisions, and directives into distinct administrative acts is primarily based on extra-linguistic (substantial) characteristics. For this reason, on the basis of their use of language they can be regarded as a single genre, a genre of administrative instructions.